Factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia de menores infractores en España y Portugal: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Dynamic factors associated with recidivism among juvenile offendersin Spain and Portugal: systematic review and meta-analysis / Fatores dinâmicos associadosà reincidência entre delinquentes juvenis na Espanha e em Portugal: revisão sistemática e meta-nálise

El presente artículo analiza la evidencia empírica que aportan los estudios sobre la influencia de los factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia criminal de menores infractores dentro del contexto español y portugués. La búsqueda de los términos Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors * se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo y ProQuest. Aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de un total de 105 653 artículos, se seleccionaron 20 para análisis cualitativo y 3 para incluir en el metaanálisis. El estudio permite concluir que los factores dinámicos con mayor capacidad de predicción son la educación, la relación con el grupo de pares, el tiempo de ocio, la familia y el consumo de SPA.

This article analyses the empirical evidence provided by studies on the influence of dynamic factors associated with the criminal recidivism of juvenile offenders in the Spanish and Portuguese context. The search for the terms Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors* was carried out in the databases Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo and ProQuest. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of a total of 105 653 articles, 20 were selected for qualitative analysis and 3 for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The study allows us to conclude that the dynamic factors with the greatest predictive capacity are education, relationship with peer group, leisure time, family and PAS consumption.

Este artigo analisa as evidências empíricas fornecidas por estudos sobre a influência de fatores dinâmicos associados à reincidência de crimes de menores nos contextos espanhol e português. A busca pelos termosjuvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR risk factors* foi realizada nos bancos de dados Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Dialnet, SciELO e ProQuest. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, de 105.653 artigos, 20 foram selecionados para a análise qualitativa e 3 para a inclusão na meta-nálise. O estudo nos permite concluir que os fatores dinâmicos com maior capacidade preditiva são educação, relacionamento com o grupo de pares, tempo de lazer, família e consumo de PAS.

Adolescentes infractores de ley penal en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colombia: lineamientos para su prevención / Adolescent offenders of criminal law in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia: guidelines for their prevention / Adolescentes infratores do direito penal na região metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colômbia: orientações para sua prevenção

Resumen Este artículo presenta lineamientos para la prevención de la vinculación de los adolescentes con infracciones a la ley penal en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (AMB). Para ello se elaboró un diagnóstico situacional utilizando una metodología mixta, que incluyó la revisión de bases de datos de la Policía Nacional de Colombia y del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, con el fin de comprender las características del fenómeno y su evolución entre 2010 y 2017. Así mismo, para indagar sobre las variables explicativas y definir los ejes estratégicos de la prevención, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales con funcionarios y adolescentes vinculados al Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes de la regional Santander, y visitas de observación a los barrios del AMB con mayor georreferenciación de adolescentes infractores. Los resultados visibilizan la necesidad de que los gobiernos locales enfoquen sus esfuerzos en cinco ejes: (i) control de adicciones, (ii) reconfiguración familiar, (iii) reconfiguración social, (iv) oportunidades laborales y (v) apuesta educativa.

Abstract This article presents guidelines for the prevention of the involvement of adolescents with infractions of the criminal law in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga (AMB). To this end, a situational diagnosis was prepared using a mixed methodology, which included the review of databases of the National Police (PONAL) and the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF), in order to understand the characteristics of the phenomenon and its evolution between 2010 and 2017. Likewise, to inquire about the explanatory variables and define the strategic axes of prevention, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out with officials and adolescents linked to the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents (SRPA) of the Santander region, and observation visits to the neighborhoods of the AMB with greater georeferencing of juvenile offenders. The results make visible the need for local governments to focus their efforts on five axes: 1) Addiction Control, 2) Family Reconfiguration, 3) Social Reconfiguration, 4) Job Opportunities and 5) Educational Commitment.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta diretrizes para a prevenção do envolvimento de adolescentes com infrações do direito penal na Região Metropolitana de Bucaramanga (AMB). Para isso, foi elaborado um diagnóstico situacional por meio de metodologia mista, que incluiu a revisão de bases de dados da Polícia Nacional (PONAL) e do Instituto Colombiano de Bem-Estar Familiar (ICBF), a fim de compreender as características do fenômeno e sua evolução entre 2010 e 2017. Da mesma forma, foram realizadas informações sobre as variáveis explicativas e definir os eixos estratégicos de prevenção, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais com funcionários e adolescentes vinculados ao Sistema de Responsabilidade Criminal por Adolescentes (SRPA) da região de Santander, e visitas de observação aos bairros da AMB com maior georreferenciamento de menores infratores. Os resultados tornam visível a necessidade de os governos locais concentrarem seus esforços em cinco eixos: 1) Controle do Vício, 2) Reconfiguração Familiar, 3) Reconfiguração Social, 4) Oportunidades de Trabalho e 5) Compromisso Educacional.

Depression, anxiety, and drug usage history indicators among institutionalized juvenile offenders of Brasilia

Abstract Introduction: One of the most serious socio-educational measures for children and adolescents in conflict with the law in Brazil is their internment. This measure may represent an additional source of stress to this population and present significant impacts in the mental health context. This study aims to describe anxiety levels, depression, and addictive consumption, as well as to estimate the causalities and interactions of these variables. Methods: Herein, we report a study in which 175 male juveniles from youth detention institutions of the Federal District voluntarily completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and a short self-rating questionnaire asking whether and how often they had experienced cannabis, alcohol, and other "hard" psychotropic drugs (e.g., crack, cocaine, amphetamine) 1 year prior to institutionalization. Results: Of the total participants, 28.00% showed moderate to severe depression scores and 34.28% showed moderate to severe anxiety scores. In addition, the vast majority of participants also reported some antecedent drug abuse, including cannabis, alcohol, and other "hard drugs." The BDI scores moderately correlated with BAI, but none of these parameters considerably correlated with the antecedent drug abuse. Conclusions: The data indicate potentially concerning levels of emotional distress in these institutionalized juveniles which seem to be independent of addictive behaviors. These data deserve attention and further investigation. Thus, a need for preventative mental health for the general population and socio-educational intervention aimed at interned youth which can decrease levels of emotional stress is emphasized.

Destrezas cognitivas en menores infractores, de protección y normalizados: un estudio de contraste / Cognitive skills in juvenile offenders, protection normalized youngsters: A contrastive study

Resumen Con el objetivo de conocer si los déficits en las destrezas cognitivas son una característica común de los menores infractores y de protección (en riesgo de desviación) y diferencial de la población de menores normalizada, se diseñó un estudio de campo. Para ello, se evaluaron la inteligencia emocional, el afrontamiento, la atribución de responsabilidad y el autoconcepto, a 450 menores colombianos entre 14 y 19 años: 150 menores infractores, 150 menores de protección y 150 de población normalizada. Los resultados mostraron que los menores infractores y los de protección tenían un déficit en atención a las emociones (inteligencia emocional), recurren más a estrategias desadaptativas para la resolución de problemas y comparten una definición negativa de sí mismos, y están menos satisfechos consigo mismos y de su comportamiento. No obstante, no se observa un sesgo hacia la atribución externa de la responsabilidad. Finalmente, se cuantifica porcentualmente la magnitud de los daños en las destrezas cognitivas. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para la intervención con menores infractores y el diseño de programas de prevención con menores de protección.

Abstract A field study was designed with the aim of knowing if deficits in cognitive skills a common characteristic of the juvenile offenders and protection youngsters are i.e., children under social services protection (in risk of deviation), and a differential from normalized population. As for these 450 Colombian youngsters (150 juvenile offenders, 150 protection youngsters, and 150 from the normal population), aged from 14 to 19 years, were assessed in emotional intelligence, coping, responsivity attribution, and self-concept. The results showed that juvenile offenders and youngsters under protection had deficit in attention to the emotions (emotional intelligence), used more maladaptive strategies for problems solving, and shared a negative definition of their selves, were less satisfied with their sleeves and with their behaviour. Nonetheless, the expected bias to external responsivity attribution was not observed. Finally, the magnitude of the damages in cognitive skills was quantified. The implications of the results for the intervention with juvenile offenders and the design and implementation of prevention programs with protection youngsters are discussed.

Assessment of an Academic Skills Development Program for Youths in Juvenile Correctional Facilities / Avaliação de um Programa de Desenvolvimento de Habilidades Acadêmicas em Adolescentes no Regime de Internação em Unidade de Socioeducação / Evaluación de un Programa de Desarrollo de Habilidades Académicas para Adolescentes Internados en Unidad de Socio Educación

Abstract School deficit is considered a risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior. This study assessed the efficacy of individual program on academic skills for adolescents admitted to juvenile detention. The sample consisted of 18 adolescents, nine who received the intervention (experimental group) and nine in the control group. The schooling activities were developed in a range of 12 to 18 weeks with two to four hours per week and efficacy was measured by School Performance Test (SPT) that evaluates writing, reading and arithmetics. The results of the comparison between pretest and post-test showed a statistically significant increase in the experimental group's math skills (Z = -2.673, p = .008) and overall score (Z = -2.549, p = .012). Calculated via the STP the average educational lag at the time of the pretest was 8.3 years for the experimental group and 8.9 years for the control group. Subsequent to the intervention, the average lag dropped to 7.3 years for the experimental group and remained to 8.6 years for the control group. This intervention proved to be a promising technique to reduce academic deficits in adolescents from juvenile detention.

Resumo O déficit escolar é considerado um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do comportamento antissocial. Esse estudo avaliou a eficácia de um programa para o desenvolvimento de habilidades acadêmicas para adolescentes em conflito com a lei. A amostra foi composta por 18 adolescentes, nove receberam a intervenção (grupo experimental) e nove participaram do grupo controle. As atividades de estimulação foram desenvolvidas entre duas e quatro horas semanais em um período entre 12 e 18 semanas. A eficácia do programa foi medida pelo Teste de Desenvolvimento Escolar (TDE) que avalia habilidades de escrita, leitura e aritmética. Os resultados da comparação entre pré teste e pós teste demonstraram que o grupo experimental teve melhoras significativas nas habilidades aritméticas (Z = -2,673, p = 0,008) e no escore total (Z = -2,549, p = 0,012). Medida pelo TDE a média de atraso escolar no pré teste foi de 8,3 anos no grupo experimental e de 8,9 anos no grupo controle. Após a intervenção a média caiu para 7,3 anos no grupo experimental e se manteve em 8,6 anos no grupo controle. Essa intervenção demonstrou ser uma técnica promissora para reduzir déficits escolares em adolescentes em conflito com a lei.

Resumen El déficit escolar se considera un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del comportamiento antisocial. Esta investigación evaluó un programa de escolarización individual, en la modalidad refuerzo escolar, con adolescentes internados en unidad de socio educación. La muestra se constituyó de 18 adolescentes, nueve que recibieron la intervención y nueve en grupo control. Las actividades de escolarización se desarrollaron en un intervalo de 12 a 18 semanas, con duración de dos a cuatro horas por semana. Sus efectos fueron medidos por el Teste de Desarrollo Escolar (STP) que evaluó lectura, escritura y aritmética. Los resultados de la comparación del pre con el pos test demostraron que hubo aumento significativo de aprendizaje en aritmética (Z = -2.673, p <0,008) y en la puntuación total (Z = -2,549, p <0,012) en el grupo objetivo. El promedio del desfase escolar en pre-test, calculado por el STP, fue de 8,3 años para el grupo objetivo y 8,9 años para el control; después de la intervención promedio el desfasaje escolar cayó a 7,3 años para el grupo objetivo y se mantuvo en 8,6 para el control. La intervención en la escolarización se mostró prometedora para reducir el déficit escolar de adolescentes en régimen de internación.

Trajetórias escolares de adolescentes em conflito com a lei: permanência e evasão escolar / School trajectories of juvenile offenders: school dropout and permanence / Trayectorias escolares de delincuentes juveniles: la permanencia y el abandono escolar

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever trajetórias escolares de adolescentes cumprindo medidas socioeducativas em programas de liberdade assistida da Grande Vitória (ES), de modo a compreender processos de permanência e evasão escolar. Foram entrevistados cinco adolescentes evadidos da escola e cinco frequentando o ensino médio, sendo os dados textuais submetidos à análise de conteúdo. As trajetórias escolares revelaram escolas enfrentando desafios com relação à estrutura, violência e comportamentos disruptivos. Por outro lado, o discurso dos adolescentes destacou a importância da escola e mostrou o potencial protetivo desse contexto, especialmente quando estabelecidas interações sociais positivas. Foram encontradas dificuldades acadêmicas comuns ao público investigado, como reprovações, brigas e comportamentos disruptivos. De modo geral, a pesquisa enfatizou a complexidade do fenômeno investigado e, por conseguinte, mostrou que o enfrentamento da evasão escolar deve incluir ações em vários níveis, contemplando o estudante, a família, a escola e as políticas de educação do país.

This research sought to describe school trajectories of adolescents fulfilling socio-educational measures in probation programs in Grande Vitória (ES), in order to understand the processes of school dropout and permanence. Five adolescents in dropout and five attending high school were interviewed, with textual data submitted to content analysis. The school trajectories revealed schools facing challenges regarding structure, violence, and disruptive behaviors. On the other hand, the discourse of the adolescents emphasized the importance of the school and also showed the protective potential of this context, especially when established positive social interactions. Academic difficulties were common to the investigated public, such as retentions, fights and disruptive behaviors. Overall, the research emphasized the complexity of the phenomenon investigated and, therefore, showed that coping with school dropout should include actions at various levels, looking at the student, family, school, and education policies of the country.

La investigación buscó describir trayectorias escolares de adolescentes que cumplen medidas socio-educativas en programas de libertad asistida de Grande Vitória (ES), con el fin de comprender los procesos de permanencia y abandono escolar. Se entrevistó a cinco adolescentes que desertaron la escuela y cinco que asisten a la escuela secundaria, y las informaciones fueron sujetas a un análisis de contenido. Las trayectorias escolares revelaron escuelas enfrentando desafíos con relación a la estructura, violencia y conductas disruptivas. Por otro lado, el discurso de los adolescentes destacó la importancia de la escuela y mostró el potencial protector de ese contexto, especialmente cuando se establecieron buenas interacciones sociales. Se encontraron dificultades académicas comunes al público investigado, como reprobaciones, peleas y conductas disruptivas. En general, la investigación enfatizó la complejidad del fenómeno investigado y, por consiguiente, mostró que el enfrentamiento del abandono escolar debe incluir acciones en varios niveles, considerando el estudiante, la familia, la escuela y las políticas de educación del país.

Psychiatric Disorders and Recidivism among Korean Adolescents on Probation or Parole

OBJECTIVE: The percentage of repeat offenders is increasing among juvenile offenders in Korea. The assessment and treatment of the mental health of young offenders may play an important role in reducing the recidivism rate of adolescents. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adolescents on probation or parole and the risk of recidivism associated with specific psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We studied 120 adolescents on probation. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Conners’ Rating Scale-Revised were used to diagnose psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Almost half of the juvenile offenders had psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (19.17%), bipolar disorder (18.33%), antisocial personality disorder (11.67%), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (10.83%). Alcohol use disorder was significantly associated with repeated offenses, but psychiatric disorders, excluding alcohol use disorder, were not significantly associated with repeated offenses. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the development of education and treatment programs for psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder, among juvenile offenders on probation or parole may help to prevent repeated criminal behaviour.

Adolescentes infractores: Instituciones de régimen cerrado y consecuencias de la internación prolongada / Adolescent offenders: Closed-enrollment institutions and consequences of prolonged hospitalization

El presente trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación UBACyT denominado "Estudio acerca de los efectos de la privación de libertad en jóvenes infractores a la ley penal. Incidencia de los factores individuales, familiares e institucionales" que se ha finalizado. En el presente documento, se han relevado los principales aportes teóricos de distintos autores que investigaron sobre el impacto subjetivo de la privación de la libertad, coincidentes al señalar el daño psicológico que implica el encierro. Este trabajo intenta dar cuenta de cómo nuestra investigación pudo no sólo corroborar lo expuesto por los diferentes autores, sino también delimitar claramente una línea temporal que distingue a partir de qué momento una intervención institucional deja de ser una medida socializadora para convertirse en una medida que impacta negativamente en la subjetividad de los adolescentes infractores a la ley penal.

This work is part of the UBACyT research project entitled "Study on the effects of deprivation of liberty on juvenile offenders in criminal law. Incidence of individual, family and institutional factors" is finalized. In the present document, the main theoretical contributions of different authors that investigated on the subjective impact of the deprivation of freedom have been surveyed. They account for the psychological damage involved in confinement. This paper tries to explain how our research could not only corroborate the exposition by the different authors, but also clearly delimit a temporal line that distinguishes from what moment an institutional intervention stops being a socializing measure to become a measure that impact negatively on the subjectivity of juvenile offenders to criminal law.

A atenção em saúde mental aos adolescentes em conflito com a lei no Brasil / Mental health care for Brazilian juvenile offenders

Resumo O trabalho analisa a utilização de medicamentos psicoativos por adolescentes infratores em unidades socioeducativas (USES) no Brasil. Descreve as diretrizes da política pública nacional e a qualidade da coordenação da atenção em saúde mental pelos governos subnacionais. O artigo tem como hipótese que a governança verticalizada da USES está associada à utilização de medicação psicoativa. O modelo da pesquisa foi estudo comparado dos casos do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Minas Gerais. Os dados resultaram da coleta em prontuários e entrevistas com informantes-chave. O artigo demonstra que a governança vertical observada no RS está associada à alta prevalência de diagnósticos de transtorno mental, uso de medicamentos psicoativos e de medicalização psiquiátrica pelos adolescentes privados de liberdade. As evidências revelam que as sanções de privação de liberdade por atos infracionais produzem decisões de medicalização que ameaçam o direito dos adolescentes no campo da saúde. As diretrizes da política nacional incentivam escolhas mais cautelosas. As psicoterapias e as ações de reabilitação são as intervenções de primeira linha defendidas. O manejo pouco cuidadoso da intervenção psicofarmacológica favorece a múltiplas prescrições.

Abstract This paper analyzes the use of psychoactive drugs by juvenile offenders in Brazil in socio-educational facilities (USEs). It describes the guidelines of the national public policy and the quality of mental healthcare coordination by subnational public governments. This work draws on the hypothesis that USEs vertical governance is associated with the use of psychoactive medication. This is comparative study of two cases in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. Data resulted from a sample of medical records and interviews with key informants. The paper shows that vertical governance observed in Rio Grande do Sul is directly associated with high prevalence of mental health disorder diagnosis, use of psychoactive medication and psychiatric medicalization by juvenile offenders deprived of liberty. These findings indicate that sanctions of imprisonment for illegal acts are producing a set of medicalization decisions that undermine juveniles’ health rights. The national mental health policy guidelines encourage cautious decisions. Psychotherapies and rehabilitation actions are the advocated first-line interventions. The poor management of the psychopharmacological intervention favors multiple prescriptions.

Paternidad y su incidencia en el desistimiento delictual: una revisión teórica / Parenthood and its incidence in the Desistance of crime: a theoretical review / Paternidade e sua incidência na desistência do comportamento criminoso: uma revisão teórica

Resumen Introducción: El comportamiento delictual ha sido foco de intenso estudio durante las últimas décadas, lo cual ha propiciado la emergencia de diversos enfoques y teorías que han intentado comprender los factores que inciden tanto en la comisión de delitos como en el mantenimiento y desistimiento de las carreras delictivas. Objetivo: el propósito de este artículo de revisión es analizar la posible influencia de la paternidad sobre el proceso de desistimiento delictual. Método: Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva, que contempló la utilización de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus, con una estrategia de búsqueda mediante palabras claves relacionadas con el tema de estudio. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidencian un valor disímil de la paternidad en el cese de comportamientos delictivos, según variables como género, ciclo vital y tipo de vínculo establecido entre padre e hijo. Discusión: Se analizan los resultados en el marco de la importancia del despliegue de intervenciones que promuevan el desistimiento delictual, a través del fortalecimiento de vínculos prosociales, instando a mirar con mayor detenimiento el aporte que puede realizar la paternidad en dicho proceso.

Abstract Introduction: Delinquent behavior has been under the focus of intense studies in the course of the past few decades and entails the urgency of diverse approaches and theories attempted to understand the factors influencing the commission of crimes as well as both the preservation and dropping of criminal careers. The objective: of this review article is to analyze the likely influence of parenthood and/or parenting on the renunciation of tort. Method: For this purpose, a descriptive bibliographic review was carried out envisaging the utilization of the Web of Science and Scopus databases with a searching strategy by means of Key words relating to the study matter. Results: The findings have evidenced a dissimilar value of parenthood in the cessation of criminal behaviors, according to certain variables such as gender, vital cycle and type of parent-child bond. Discussion: The results obtained within the framework of the importance of intervention displays promoting the renunciation of crime through the invigoration of pro-social bonds, urging to watch in greater depth the contribution that parenthood might make in this process.

Resumo Introdução: O comportamento criminoso foi centro do estudo intenso durante as últimas décadas, e leva a emergência de diversos enfoques e teorias que tentaram compreender os fatores que incidem tanto na perpetração dos crimes como na manutenção e desistência das carreiras criminosas. O objetivo: deste artigo da revisão é analisar a influência possível da paternidade no processo de desistência do comportamento criminoso. Método: Para esse efeito uma revisão bibliográfica descritiva foi realizada. Contemplou o uso dos bancos de dados Web de Science e Scopus, com uma estratégia de busca por meio das palavras chaves relacionadas ao assunto do estudo. Os resultados: demonstram um valor dissimilar da paternidade na terminação de comportamentos delitivos, de acordo com variáveis como gênero, ciclo vital e tipo de ligação estabelecida entre o pai e o filho. Discussão: eles analisaram os resultados são discutidos dentro da estrutura da importância da implantação das intervenções que promovem a desistência do comportamento criminoso, através do fortalecimento de vínculos pró-sociais, instando a prestar atenção detalhadamente à contribuição do que a paternidade pode fazer neste processo.

Factors Associated with Trait Anger Level of Juvenile Offenders in Hubei Province: A Binary Logistic Regression Analysis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The risk factors of high trait anger of juvenile offenders were explored through question naire study in a youth correctional facility of Hubei province,China.A total of 1090 juvenile offenders in Hubei province were investigated by self-compiled social-demographic questionnaire,Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ),and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Ⅱ (STAXI-Ⅱ).The risk factors were analyzed by chi-square tests,correlation analysis,and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS 19.0.A total of 1082 copies of valid questionnaires were collected.High trait anger group (n=316) was defined as those who scored in the upper 27th percentile of STAXI-Ⅱ trait anger scale (TAS),and the rest were defined as low trait anger group (n=766).The risk factors associated with high level of trait anger included:childhood emotional abuse,childhood sexual abuse,step family,frequent drug abuse,and frequent internet using (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Birth sequence,number of sibling,ranking in the family,identity of the main care-taker,the education level of care-taker,educational style of care-taker,family income,relationship between parents,social atmosphere of local area,frequent drinking,and frequent smoking did not predict to high level of trait anger (P＞0.05).It was suggested that traumatic experience in childhood and unhealthy life style may significantly increase the level of trait anger in adulthood.The risk factors of high trait anger and their effects should be taken into consideration seriously.

Relación entre supervisión parental y conducta antisocial en menores infractores del Estado de Morelos / Relationship between parent supervision and anti-social behavior in juvenile offenders from the state of Morelos

Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN: La supervisión parental comprende: cuidado de los hijos, conocimiento de su paradero y actividades y adaptación. Para que ésta se dé es necesario que exista comunicación y apoyo entre padres e hijos, de manera que el ambiente familiar sea agradable. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la inconsistencia o ausencia de ésta es un factor de riesgo de la conducta antisocial y, en casos más graves, de delincuencia en los hijos. OBJETIVO: Conocer cuál es la relación que existe entre el ambiente familiar, la supervisión parental y la gravedad de la conducta antisocial en menores infractores. MÉTODO: La población estuvo conformada por menores infractores de un Centro Tutelar del Estado de Morelos. El instrumento se aplicó a 86 hombres. RESULTADOS: La comunicación del hijo fue un predictor de: 1. el manejo de reglas y conocimiento de pares, y 2. el conocimiento de las actividades del hijo. Esto último es lo que predice de manera significativa la gravedad de la conducta antisocial. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los hallazgos, es importante que exista un ambiente familiar basado en la comunicación y el apoyo, que fomente una comunicación más libre de los adolescentes con sus padres, de manera que la supervisión parental se consiga más fácilmente. Esto ayudará para que los jóvenes no se involucren en comportamientos que los puedan llevar a delinquir.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Parental supervision is constituted by a series of correlated parental behaviors involving children care, knowing their where abouts, which activities they are performing, and the situation of their adaptive processes. In order for parental supervision to take place, it is necessary that communication and mutual support exist between mother and father, as well as between parents and children so that the family environment becomes pleasant. Supervision is one of the most studied factors related to anti-social behavior, and it has been observed that its absence or inconsistency allows for the occurrence of anti-social behavior, which in the more serious cases leads to delinquency. OBJECTIVE: To know the relationship between family environment, supervision and the seriousness of anti-social behavior in juvenile offenders confined in a state penitentiary from Morelos. METHOD: A survey was used to collect data from a population of 86 juvenile male offenders from a state penitentiary located in Morelos. RESULTS: Parent-children communication and support are interrelated and form the familiar environment. Thus, children's communication predicts proper supervision and monitoring, specifically in the area of knowing children's activities, which, at the same time, predict less serious anti-social behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is important that families have an environment based on communication and support. It is also relevant to encourage adolescents to freely communicate with their parents so supervision and monitoring become common elements that help adolescents to stay away from behaviors that could lead them to crime.

El desafío de incorporar las redes institucionales y comunitarias en la intervención con adolescentes infractores: una investigación-acción en tres regiones del sur de Chile / The Challenge of Incorporating the Institutional and Community Networks in the Intervention with Juvenile Offenders: An Action Research in Three Southern Regions of Chile

Se reportan los resultados obtenidos a partir de una investigación-acción con componentes participativos, orientada a fortalecer el funcionamiento de redes institucionales y comunitarias para la intervención con adolescentes infractores de ley. El artículo da cuenta de los principales resultados obtenidos a partir de este proceso, centrando su análisis en un conjunto de dimensiones que permiten tener una panorámica acerca de los avances y desafíos que presentan los programas involucrados en el estudio. Los resultados reportan las dificultades de los equipos para incluir de modo eficiente los recursos de las redes interinstitucionales dada la fragmentación de la política pública destinada a este grupo de adolescentes, así como las barreras para integrar la dimensión comunitaria en el trabajo con los jóvenes, producto del formato de intervención así como las modalidades de financiamiento de los programas. Igualmente, se evidencian mejoras en la comprensión e integración de estos componentes, por parte de los equipos de los programas durante el proceso, articulándose redes interinstitucionales con mejores grados de continuidad y complementariedad en su quehacer y una incorporación paulatina, aunque parcial, de la dimensión comunitaria en la intervención.

The results of a participatory action research aiming the empowerment of institutional and community networks in the field of the intervention on youth offenders are presented. This paper focuses the analysis on several dimensions allowing us to have a broader perspective on the advances and challenges faced by intervention programmes on youth offenders. The results show the obstacles faced by these interventors in order to achieve efficiency in the use of resources within these networks. This is due to the fragmentation of public policies targeting these young offenders. It is also due to some barriers related to the inclusion of the community dimension within these programmes and also related to the mechanisms in place in order to provide funding. Some improvements in the understanding and integration of these dimensions by the interventors are also highlighted. Improvements in the continuity and complementarity of the work of these networks in order to increase the integration of the community level within the intervention are also found.

¿Está mediada la gravedad delictiva y cronicidad de los delincuentes juveniles por la competencia cognitivo-comportamental? / Is Offence Severity and the Chronicity of Juvenile Delinquency Mediated by Cognitive-Behavioural Competence?

El estudio de la relación de los problemas de conducta con la competencia cognitiva y comportamental se ha convertido en un referente continuo en la literatura científica. A este respecto, los modelos de Riesgo-Necesidades-Responsividad (RNR) y de la criminología del desarrollo prevén que el nivel de problemas de conducta esté asociado al grado de desarrollo de la competencia cognitiva y comportamental. Desde una perspectiva legal, los problemas de conducta se identifican con la delincuencia, estableciéndose niveles según la gravedad delictiva (delitos con vs. sin violencia) y del delincuente (primarios vs. reincidentes). Para comprobar si estos niveles se reflejan en la competencia cognitiva y comportamental, 283 adolescentes que estaban cumpliendo una condena judicial, 139 (68 reincidentes y 71 primarios) habían cometido un delito violento y 144 sin violencia (77 reincidentes y 67 primarios), fueron evaluados en las medidas de referencia de la competencia cognitiva (e. g., regulación emocional, autoconcepto, atribución de la responsabilidad, resolución de problemas) y comportamental. Los resultados mostraron que la gravedad delictiva es independiente de la competencia cognitiva y comportamental y que la delincuencia crónica se relaciona con menor competencia. De estos resultados se derivan consecuencias para el tratamiento de los delincuentes juveniles y para la duración de las condenas que se discuten.

The correspondence between juvenile delinquency and cognitive-behavioural competence has been the subject of ongoing concern in the scientific literature. Developmental criminology and Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) models have associated offence severity and the chronicity of juvenile delinquency to the degree of cognitive-behavioural development. In terms of the juvenile justice system, delinquent behaviour is classified according to offence severity (violent vs. non-violent offences), and the type of offender (first-time offender vs. chronic offender). In order to assess the nexus between chronic delinquent behaviour and the degree of cognitive-behavioural competence, 283 juveniles serving custodial sentences, 139 for violent offences (71 first-time offenders and 68 reoffenders), and 144 for non-violent offences (77 reoffenders and 67 first-time offenders), were assessed in terms of cognitive (e.g., regulation emotional, self-concept, attribution of responsibility, problem-solving skills) and behavioural competence. The results revealed that offence severity was not mediated by the level of cognitive-behavioural competence, and chronic delinquency was linked to low levels of competence. The results are discussed in the light of juvenile delinquency treatment programmes and sentencing.

Características neuropsicológicas en adolescentes infractores de la ciudad de sincelejo-sucre / Neuropsychological features in adolescent offenders the city of sincelejo-sucre

Se da a conocer en este artículo, los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las alteraciones neuropsicológicas en adolescentes infractores institucionalizados en un programa del Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes de Sincelejo. Estos menores presentaban un rango de edad de 12 a 17. Como instrumento se utilizó un protocolo de neurociencias estandarizado en población colombiana que mide diversas funciones cognitivas. Los resultados indicaron que estos menores poseen déficit leve en procesos como velocidad del procesamiento de información, procesos viso-perceptivos, atención dirigida, dividida y lento aprendizaje. Por otro lado no mostraron alteraciones significativas en memoria, función ejecutiva y fluidez verbal; igualmente tampoco se observaron características predominantes hacia el consumo de drogas y alcohol; pero sí mostraron porcentajes significativos hacia la deserción escolar y el ocio.

This paper reports the results of an investigation aimed to characterize the neuropsychological disorders in institutionalized adolescent offenders in a program of Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents of Sincelejo. These children had an age range of 12-17. Instrument as a standardized protocol neuroscience Colombian population that measure diversus cognitive functions was used. The results indicated that these children have mild deficits in processes such as information processing speed, visual-perceptual processes, directed attention, divided and slow learners. On the other hand showed no significant alterations in memory, executive function and verbal fluency; likewise also predominant features were observed towards the consumption of drugs and alcohol; but showed significant percentages to dropout and leisure.

Acercamiento estadístico a la realidad de los menores infractores en México: legislación y crimen organizado, nuevos desafíos / Statistical Approach to Reality of Children Offending in Mexico: Legislation and Organized Crime, New Challenges

El presente escrito muestra un repaso general de las modificaciones en materia de justicia juvenil en México, para lo cual se abordan de forma somera las distintas escuelas imperantes en el área: penal, asistencialista y garantista, dedicando especial atención al debate actual acerca de encrudecer las penas a la población en cuestión. Se incluye además un análisis estadístico retrospectivo de 1980 a 2007, con lo que al responder a las preguntas: ¿ha cambiado el perfil criminal del menor infractor de los años 80 a nuestros tiempos? y ¿existe evidencia que permita suponer que estos cambios y el crimen organizado están relacionados?, se obtuvo con resultados que permiten afirmar que el perfil de los menores infractores mutó con una clara vinculación de delitos contra la salud, homicidio calificado y robo, aunado a una mayor vulnerabilidad a la cooptación por parte del crimen organizado, quedando así abierto el debate sobre la naturaleza del impacto que dichas organizaciones y su oferta de vida tienen en nuestros jóvenes.

This paper presents an overview about modifications in Juvenile Justice in Mexico, for this aim are mentioned main streams in penal, welfares and guarantees areas, putting attention to current discussion on strengthen punishment in the juvenile population. Furthermore, the author present a retrospective statistical analysis between 1980 to 2007, for answer the questions, Has changed the juvenile offender's criminal profile of the 80's to our times? and Is there evidence suggesting that these changes are related to organized crime?. The results show that the juvenile offender's criminal profile has changed with linkage of crimes against health, murder and theft, coupled with increased vulnerability to cooptation by organized crime, thus leaving open the debate on the nature of the impact that such organizations have and their offer of life for our youth .

A dimensional approach to personality disorders in a sample of juvenile offenders / Uma abordagem dimensional a distúrbios de personalidade em uma amostra de menores infratores / Une approche dimensionnelle aux troubles de la personnalité dans un échantillon de mineurs délinquants / Un abordaje dimensional de los trastornos de personalidad en una muestra de delincuentes juveniles

In a sample of 60 male Italian subjects imprisoned at a juvenile detention institute (JDI), psychopathological aspects of the AXIS II were described and the validity of a psychopathological dimensional approach for describing criminological issues was examined. The data show that the sample has psychopathological characteristics which revolve around ego weakness and poor management of relations and aggression. Statistically these psychopathological characteristics explain 85% of criminal behavior.

Em uma amostra de 60 sujeitos italianos do sexo masculino presos em un instituto de detenção para menores (JDI), descreveram-se os aspectos psicopatológicos do Axis II e examinou-se a validade de uma abordagem de dimensão psicopatológica para a descrição das questões criminológicas. No conjunto, os dados apontam que a amostragem apresenta características psicopatolócas que dizem respeito à debilidade do Ego e a uma má gestão das relações e da agressão. Estatísticamente, essas características psicopatológicas explicam 85% do comportamento criminal.

Un échantillon de 60 sujets italiens de sexe masculin détenus dans un établissement pénitentiaire pour mineurs (JDI) nous a servi de base pour décrire les aspects psychopathologiques de l'Axe II et pour examiner la validité d'une approche à dimensions psychopathologique pour décrire les questions criminologiques. Dans l'ensemble, les données indiquent que l'échantillon présente des caractéristiques psychopathologiques qui relèvent de la faiblesse de l'ego et de la mauvaise gestion des relations et de l'agression. Statistiquement, ces caractéristiques psychopathologiques expliquent à 85% le comportement criminel.

En una muestra compuesta por 60 sujetos italianos de sexo masculino encarcelados en un instituto correccional para jóvenes (ICJ), se hizo la descripción de los aspectos psicopatológicos de los trastornos de personalidad (AXIS II) y se examinó la validez del abordaje dimensional psicopatológico para describir las cuestiones criminológicas. Los datos demuestran que la muestra tiene características psicopatológicas que giran alrededor de la debilidad del ego y de gestión deficiente de las relaciones y de la agresión. Estadísticamente, esas caracteristicas psicopatológicas explican el 85% del comportamiento criminal.

Caracterización psicométrica del psychopathy checklist: youth version (PCL:YV) en adolescentes chilenos / Psychometric characterization of the psychopathy checklist: youth version (PCL:YV) in Chilean adolescents

Esta investigación determinó las características psicométricas del Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth, Kosson & Hare, 2003) en una muestra de 30 adolescentes chilenos, varones, infractores de ley. El análisis de confiabilidad arrojó un alfa = 0.41 para la escala total e indicadores más elevados para sus cuatro facetas (alfa entre 0.53 y 0.76). La validez concurrente establecida en relación a las escalas del Inventario Clínico para Adolescentes de Millon (MACI; Millon, 1993) mostró relaciones significativas moderadas entre el puntaje total del PCL:YV y las escalas del MACI relacionadas con el constructo de psicopatía. Además, se evaluó su relación con dos escalas de psicopatía desarrolladas conceptualmente con ítems del MACI. Los resultados indican que el PCL:YV presenta indicadores de confiabilidad y validez suficientemente adecuados para continuar su estudio en muestras chilenas con el fin de utilizarlo, en un futuro cercano, en la toma de decisiones profesionales relativas a jóvenes infractores de ley.

This research was aimed to determine the psychometric characteristics of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth, Kosson & Hare, 2003) in a sample of 30 Chilean male, juvenile offenders. Reliability analysis showed an alpha = 0.41for the total scale and higher indexes for its four facets (alpha between 0.53 and 0.73). The concurrent validity with the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI; Millon, 1993) showed significant associations among the total PCL:YV score and MACI scales related to the psychopathy construct. Besides, the association with two psychopathy scales that were conceptually developed by taking selected MACI items, was assessed. Results indicate that the PCL:YV presents reliability and validity indexes good enough to continue its study in Chilean samples to be use, in the near future, for taking professional decisions with relation to juvenile offenders.

Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos em jovens infratores na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil): estudo de gênero e relação com a gravidade do delito / Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in juvenile offenders in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil)

Cresce no Brasil a prevalência de jovens infratores, principalmente do gênero feminino. A literatura aponta para prevalências aumentadas de transtornos mentais entre esses jovens em vários países, mas no Brasil faltam estudos. O objetivo é avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais em adolescentes sob medida socioeducativa, considerando como hipótese sua diferença entre gêneros com base no tipo de delito cometido. O instrumento usado foi o K-SADS-PL. Como resultados, alta prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos entre adolescentes infratores, sendo os mais prevalentes: transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (33 por cento), transtorno da conduta (77 por cento), transtorno desafiador opositivo (50 por cento), transtornos de ansiedade (70 por cento), transtorno depressivo (50 por cento), abuso de drogas ilícitas (70 por cento) e abuso de álcool (52 por cento). O abuso de álcool aumentou em 2,4 vezes a chance de um adolescente cometer delito violento. Esses dados sugerem às autoridades em saúde pública que tanto a detecção quanto o tratamento precoce de transtornos psiquiátricos na infância podem ajudar na prevenção de atos infratores. Sugerem também que o tratamento em saúde mental dos jovens sob custódia da lei deve ser parte fundamental da recuperação e da ressocialização deles.

The prevalence of juvenile offenders in Brazil, mainly among young females, is on the increase. The literature on this issue indicates an increased incidence of mental disorders among young offenders in several countries, though studies in Brazil are lacking. The aim of this article is to study the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents from a socio-educational standpoint, taking as a hypothesis the gender difference and the type of offense committed. The instrument used was the K-SADS-PL. As results, we found a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among juvenile offenders, the most common being: attention deficit hhyperactivity disorder (33.3 percent); behavioral disorder (77 percent); oppositional defiant disorder (50 percent), anxiety disorders (70 percent), depressive disorder (50 percent), illicit drug abuse/dependence (70 percent), and alcohol abuse/dependence (52 percent). Alcohol abuse/dependence caused a 2.4-fold increase in the probability of adolescents committing a violent offence. Public health authorities should concentrate on early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in childhood to reduce future violations. It is also suggested that mental health treatment of detained juveniles should be a fundamental part of the recuperation and reintegration of young offenders into society.